{"id":3461,"date":"2017-07-26T09:44:44","date_gmt":"2017-07-26T02:44:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/wasi.org.vn\/?p=3461"},"modified":"2017-07-27T10:02:40","modified_gmt":"2017-07-27T03:02:40","slug":"kien-tac-nhan-phong-tru-sinh-hoc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wasi.org.vn\/en\/kien-tac-nhan-phong-tru-sinh-hoc\/","title":{"rendered":"Ki\u1ebfn – T\u00e1c nh\u00e2n ph\u00f2ng tr\u1eeb sinh h\u1ecdc"},"content":{"rendered":"

ThS. Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Ti\u1ebfn S\u1ef9 – B\u1ed9 m\u00f4n B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

1.Ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ed9ng sinh c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ki\u1ebfn (ants) thu\u1ed9c b\u1ed9 c\u00e1nh m\u00e0ng (Hymenoptera), h\u1ecd ki\u1ebfn (Formicidae) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng do s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lo\u00e0i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1edfi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e0n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p (Keller v\u00e0 Gordon, 2009). V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lo\u00e0i, v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 70 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 6.000 lo\u00e0i ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn (Sudd, 1967) nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2008, c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 12.000 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lo\u00e0i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 90.000 lo\u00e0i (Keller v\u00e0 Gordon, 2009). Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ki\u1ebfn n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed5, ph\u00e2n chia lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm th\u1ee9c \u0103n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn ch\u00faa. Trung b\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng con ki\u1ebfn ch\u00faa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb 10 \u0111\u1ebfn 15 n\u0103m, g\u1ea5p 100 l\u1ea7n tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a ong b\u1eafp c\u00e0y v\u00e0 gi\u00e1n (Keller v\u00e0 Gordon, 2009).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ed9ng sinh gi\u1eefa ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng h\u1ecdc (Heil v\u00e0 McKey, 2003; Rudgers, 2004; Offenberg v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2005; Rosumek v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2009). T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho th\u1ea5y, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn mang l\u1ea1i b\u1ed1n l\u1ee3i \u00edch ch\u00ednh cho c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng, bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, s\u1ef1 cung c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9c \u0103n, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t t\u00e1n h\u1ea1t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00ean c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng s\u1ebd g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng (Dumpert, 1981; Beattie, 1985; Agosti v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2000; Rudgers, 2004; Offenberg v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2005; Rosumek v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2009). B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n ph\u00f2ng tr\u1eeb sinh h\u1ecdc trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n

2.T\u1ea1i sao ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0m t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n ph\u00f2ng tr\u1eeb sinh h\u1ecdc?<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao ki\u1ebfn tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p trong vi\u1ec7c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0, ki\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i b\u1edfi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00edch nghi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau (Keller v\u00e0 Gordon, 2009). N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn. Hai l\u00e0, \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i \u0103n th\u1ecbt (Dumpert, 1981) v\u00e0 con m\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng b\u1ed9 c\u00e1nh n\u1eeda, b\u1ecd c\u00e1nh c\u1ee9ng, \u1ea5u tr\u00f9ng ong c\u1eafn l\u00e1, s\u00e2u \u0103n l\u00e1 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng \u0103n th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c (Holldobler v\u00e0 Wilson, 1980). Ba l\u00e0 do b\u1edfi th\u00f3i quen s\u0103n m\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn. Ki\u1ebfn lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed3i theo b\u1ea7y v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c s\u0103n nh\u1eefng con m\u1ed3i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n ch\u00fang v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi s\u0103n m\u1ed3i (Wilson, 1951- tr\u00edch d\u1eabn b\u1edfi Dumpert, 1981). M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u0103n m\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i Eciton burchellii<\/em>, m\u1ed7i t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 100.000 con m\u1ed3i m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c (Dumpert, 1981).<\/p>\n

Benley (1977) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng, bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh hung h\u0103ng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam, vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1ed5 tr\u00ean c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng con m\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn (tr\u00edch d\u1eabn b\u1edfi Beattie, 1985).<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u00eau tr\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ki\u1ebfn tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n ph\u00f2ng tr\u1eeb sinh h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 c\u00f2n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

3.S\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ed9ng sinh gi\u1eefa ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 40 chi (genera) ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 100 chi c\u00e2y h\u1ea1t k\u00edn (Davidson v\u00e0 McKey, 1993; tr\u00edch d\u1eabn b\u1edfi Heil v\u00e0 McKey, 2003), ki\u1ebfn b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0103n th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0103n h\u1ea1t c\u00f2n ki\u1ebfn l\u1ea5y dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1eeb c\u00e2y v\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5 (Agosti v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2000).<\/p>\n

D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng, ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0103n th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0103n h\u1ea1t t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc (Beattie, 1985).<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 17, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ebfn c\u00e0ng (weaver ant- Oecophylla smaragdina<\/em>) \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u00e2y \u0103n qu\u1ea3 kh\u1ecfi k\u1ebb th\u00f9. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n ph\u00f2ng tr\u1eeb sinh h\u1ecdc trong v\u01b0\u1eddn th\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c. \u1ede Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng lo\u00e0i ki\u1ebfn Formica polyctena <\/em>\u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u cu\u1ed1n l\u00e1 c\u00e2y s\u1ed3i v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i Formica rufa<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng tr\u1eeb \u1ea5u tr\u00f9ng thu\u1ed9c b\u1ed9 c\u00e1nh v\u1ea3y (Lepidoptera) cho c\u00e2y sung d\u00e2u v\u00e0 c\u00e2y s\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

Ki\u1ebfn c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n ph\u00f2ng tr\u1eeb sinh h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf cao nh\u01b0 ca cao, c\u00e2y h\u1ecd cam chanh v\u00e0 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi nh\u01b0 Brazil v\u00e0 Indonesia (Nixon, 1951).<\/p>\n

D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00e2y v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, ki\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n

3.1. S\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ki\u1ebfn b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0103n th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0103n h\u1ea1t (Beattie, 1985). Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn, c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt n\u00e0y. Rosumek v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 (2009) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ki\u1ebfn th\u00ec m\u1eadt s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0103n th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt (herbivores) t\u0103ng 50 %. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 b\u1edfi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Styrsky v\u00e0 Eubanks (2007) r\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e2u \u0103n l\u00e1 t\u0103ng 69 % tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn (tr\u00edch d\u1eabn b\u1edfi Rosumek v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2009). Rosumek v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 c\u0169ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 sinh s\u00f4i (reproduction) c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y gi\u1ea3m 25 % n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Theo t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Klaus Horstman c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Wurzburg (\u0110\u1ee9c), m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ki\u1ebfn Formica polyctena <\/em>c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 kho\u1ea3ng 6 tri\u1ec7u c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0 155 l\u00edt d\u1ecbch m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a r\u1ea7y (Aphids) ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00f2ng v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng (tr\u00edch d\u1eabn b\u1edfi Keller v\u00e0 Gordon, 2009). Keller v\u00e0 Gordon c\u0169ng n\u00eau ra m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u0103n m\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho nh\u1eefng n\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u1edf Mexico l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng n\u0103m lo\u00e0i ki\u1ebfn Ectatomma tuberculatum<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 s\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 260 tri\u1ec7u con m\u1ed3i tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i hecta c\u00e0 ph\u00ea. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, th\u1ee9c \u0103n c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ki\u1ebfn Formica rufa<\/em> bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng \u0103n th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0103n h\u1ea1t nh\u01b0 \u1ea5u tr\u00f9ng ru\u1ed3i, ng\u00e0i, b\u01b0\u1edbm v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i nh\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ecd c\u00e1nh c\u1ee9ng (Beattie, 1985). Hsiao (1981) c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ki\u1ebfn Polyrhachis dives<\/em> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft kho\u1ea3ng 2.000 con s\u00e2u \u0103n l\u00e1 th\u00f4ng (tr\u00edch d\u1eabn b\u1edfi Beattie, 1985).<\/p>\n

3.2. S\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c r\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u1ea5u tr\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng b\u1ed9 c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec1u (Homoptera) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n d\u1ecbch m\u1eadt. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00ec ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec homoptera h\u00fat nh\u1ef1a tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb m\u1ea1ch g\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y (Nixon, 1951). Tuy nhi\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ed9ng sinh gi\u1eefa ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng b\u1ed9 c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho c\u00e2y b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t d\u1ecbch ng\u1ecdt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebft ra b\u1edfi c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng s\u1ebd d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e2y lan c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i n\u1ea5m g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng (Beatie, 1985 v\u00e0 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn b\u1edfi Heil v\u00e0 McKey, 2003). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ki\u1ebfn gi\u00fap c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng gi\u1eef v\u1ec7 sinh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh do n\u1ea5m g\u00e2y ra (tr\u00edch d\u1eabn b\u1edfi Beattie, 1985).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn b\u1edfi v\u00ec ki\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0103n ch\u00fang khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1eadt s\u1ed1 cao (tr\u00edch d\u1eabn b\u1edfi Beattie, 1985). Beattie \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng l\u1ee3i ich c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a homoptera \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e2y. Do \u0111\u00f3, homoptera c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn d\u1ee5 ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0m t\u1ed5 tr\u00ean c\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

4.M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn trong ph\u00f2ng tr\u1eeb sinh h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Theo Pinese v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 (2005) th\u00ec ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f2ng tr\u1eeb ve s\u1ea7u v\u00ec ch\u00fang s\u1ebd \u0103n tr\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u1ea5u tr\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ve s\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tr\u1ee9ng n\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u1ea5u tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0 chui xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t. Do \u0111\u00f3, trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 2005 v\u00e0 2006 t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t d\u1ecbch ve s\u1ea7u g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i c\u00e2y c\u00e0 ph\u00ea. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c di\u1ec7t ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn \u0111en t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 con n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e0 ph\u00ea. Sau v\u00e0i n\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean di\u1ec7t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00ean v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u00e0 ph\u00ea v\u00e0 c\u00e2y che b\u00f3ng, m\u1eadt s\u1ed1 ve s\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3m h\u1eb3n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho c\u00e2y c\u00e0 ph\u00ea n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ki\u1ebfn \u0111en (Dolichoderus thoracicus<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f2ng tr\u1eeb b\u1ecd x\u00edt mu\u1ed7i h\u1ea1i ca cao, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ed3ng B\u1eb1ng S\u00f4ng C\u1eedu Long v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ca cao b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc N\u00f4ng L\u00e2m – Tha\u0300nh ph\u00f4\u0301 H\u00f4\u0300 Chi\u0301 Minh n\u0103m 2005 \u0111\u00e3 thu th\u1eadp ki\u1ebfn \u0111en t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u1eddn ca cao \u1edf C\u00e1i R\u0103ng, C\u1ea7n Th\u01a1 v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ebfn \u0111en \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1ecd x\u00edt mu\u1ed7i t\u1ea1i Ch\u00e2u Th\u00e0nh, B\u1ebfn Tre. Ngu\u1ed3n ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay. Ki\u1ebfn \u0111en v\u1edbi m\u1eadt s\u1ed1 500 con\/c\u00e2y ca cao c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ph\u00f2ng tr\u1eeb b\u1ecd x\u00edt mu\u1ed7i cao (\u0110\u00e0o Th\u1ecb Lam H\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2011a v\u00e0 2011b). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Khoo (2000) v\u00e0 Bateman (2007) r\u1eb1ng nu\u00f4i ki\u1ebfn \u0111en trong v\u01b0\u1eddn ca cao \u0111a\u0303 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ecd x\u00edt mu\u1ed7i. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u00ea\u0323c nu\u00f4i ki\u00ea\u0301n \u0111en thi\u0300 vi\u00ea\u0323c nu\u00f4i ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0ng trong v\u01b0\u1eddn ca cao c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf b\u1ecd x\u00edt mu\u1ed7i r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 hai trong nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ebfn trong ph\u00f2ng tr\u1eeb sinh h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec m\u1eadt s\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfn h\u1ee3p l\u00fd trong v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u00e2y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00c0I LI\u1ec6U THAM KH\u1ea2O<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e0o Th\u1ecb Lam H\u01b0\u01a1ng, L\u00ea V\u0103n B\u1ed1n, Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ecb Minh Hu\u1ec7, Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ecb Ho\u00e0ng Anh, Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n Thao, \u0110inh Th\u1ecb Ti\u1ebfu Oanh, \u0110\u00e0o Th\u1ecb Lan Hoa, Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Thanh Mai, 2011 a, Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ecdn t\u1ea1o gi\u1ed1ng ca cao, c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt canh t\u00e1c ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 x\u1eed l\u00fd sau thu ho\u1ea1ch tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng tr\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh, H\u1ed9i Ngh\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Ca cao Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2011<\/em>, Do B\u1ed9 N\u00f4ng Nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1t Tri\u1ec3n N\u00f4ng Th\u00f4n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i B\u1ebfn Tre, Trang 235 – 265.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0110\u00e0o Th\u1ecb Lam H\u01b0\u01a1ng, Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ecb Minh Hu\u1ec7, \u0110inh Th\u1ecb Ti\u1ebfu Oanh, \u0110\u00e0o Th\u1ecb Lan Hoa, L\u00ea V\u0103n B\u1ed1n, Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Thanh Mai, nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ecb Ho\u00e0ng Anh, Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n Thao, Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ecb Mi\u00ean v\u00e0 ctv, 2011 b, Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ecdn t\u1ea1o gi\u1ed1ng ca cao, c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt canh t\u00e1c ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 x\u1eed l\u00fd sau thu ho\u1ea1ch tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng tr\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh<\/em>, B\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i tr\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea5p B\u1ed9 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2006 – 2010, Vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt N\u00f4ng L\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfng Anh<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Bateman R, 2007, Overview of cocoa pests in Asia and the Pacific Islands<\/em>, International Pesticide Application Research Centre, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Beattie AJ, 1985, The evolutionary ecology of ant-plant mutualisms<\/em>, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.<\/p>\n

Dumpert K, 1981, The social biology of ants<\/em>, Pitman Advanced Pub. Program, Boston.<\/p>\n

Heil M & McKey D, 2003, \u201cProtective ant-plant interactions as model systems in ecological and evolutionary research\u201d, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst<\/em>. Vol. 34, pp. 425-53.<\/p>\n

Holldobler B & Wilson EO, 1980, The Ants<\/em>, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Massachusetts.<\/p>\n

Keller L & Gordon E, 2009, The lives of ants<\/em>, Oxford University Press, Oxford.<\/p>\n

Khoo KC, 2000, The management of major insect pest of cocoa in Southeast Asia using Dolichoderus thoracius<\/em> (Hymenoptera: Fermicidae): Current status of research, Proceedings Incoped 3rd<\/sup> International Seminar (Eds: Bong, C,L,, Lee, C,H,, Shari F,S),<\/em> Malaysia, October 2000, p, 50 – 53.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

Nixon GEJ, 1951, The association of ants with aphids and coccids, <\/em>Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London.<\/p>\n

Offenberg J, Nielsen MG, Macintosh, DJ, Havanon, S & Aksornkoae, S, 2005, “Lack of ant attendance may induce compensatory plant growth”, Oikos, <\/em>vol. 111, no. 1, pp. 170-178.<\/p>\n

Pinese B, Fay H & Elder R, 2005, Cicadas in Coffee,<\/em>\u00a0Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Queensland, Australia.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0Rosumek FB, Silveira, FAO, S Neves, FU Barbosa, NP Diniz, L Oki, Y Pezzini, F Fernandes, GW & Cornelissen T, 2009, “Ants on plants: a meta-analysis of the role of ants as plant biotic defenses”, Oecologia, <\/em>vol. 160, no. 3, pp. 537-549.<\/p>\n

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Sudd JH, 1967, An Introduction to the Behaviour of Ants<\/em>, Edward Arnold, London.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

ThS. Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Ti\u1ebfn S\u1ef9 – B\u1ed9 m\u00f4n B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt 1.Ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ed9ng sinh c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ki\u1ebfn (ants) thu\u1ed9c b\u1ed9 c\u00e1nh m\u00e0ng (Hymenoptera), h\u1ecd ki\u1ebfn (Formicidae) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng do s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lo\u00e0i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1edfi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e0n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p (Keller v\u00e0…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[26,8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3461","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-kien-thuc-nong-nghiep","category-tai-lieu-chuyen-nganh"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wasi.org.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3461","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wasi.org.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wasi.org.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wasi.org.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wasi.org.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3461"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/wasi.org.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3461\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wasi.org.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3461"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wasi.org.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3461"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wasi.org.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3461"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}